Two different attack methods (black and grey holes) are used to disrupt the flow of messages throughout the network and the more basic protocols show that they are less consistent. Upon the introduction of attacking nodes however, PRoPHET provides the most reliable delivery probability when under attack. The novel multidimensional analysis including geospatial elements provides evidence that the state-of-the-art MaxProp algorithm outperforms the benchmark as well as other, more complex routing protocols in most of the categories. The data gathered from each node allow exploration into how different attacks impact metrics including the delivery probability of a message, the time taken to deliver and the computation expense to each node. Considering different measures of success as well as computation expense, measurements are taken from all nodes in the network across different lengths of attack. In the experiments the number of vehicles and the attack length is altered to investigate the impact on the network and vehicles. Attacking vehicles enter the city aiming to disrupt the network to cause harm to the general public.

Experiments are conducted using opportunistic networking protocols to provide data to autonomous trams and buses in a smart city. We view new autonomous vehicle edge networks as opportunistic networks that bridge the gap between fully distributed vehicular networks based on short-range vehicle-to-vehicle communication and cellular-based infrastructure for centralized solutions. The increased interest in autonomous vehicles has led to the development of novel networking protocols in VANETs In such a widespread safety-critical application, security is paramount to the implementation of the networks.

Flow free bridges solution